作者简介：(x¨¬)
å¼ èåQŒå¥³åQŒç¡•å£«ï¼Œå—京航空航天大å¦è®²å¸ˆã€‚ç ”½I¶æ–¹å‘：(x¨¬)¾˜»è¯‘文化å¦ï¼Œ¾˜»è¯‘æ•™å¦
地å€210016 å—京航空航天大å¦, 出国è‹Þp¯åŸ¹è®ä¸å¿ƒã€?
Name: Zhang Ping(F), MA degree of translation. Lecturer at Nanjing University
of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Academic Interests: Cross-cultural Communication
; the Teaching of Translation
Address: English Language Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics. 210016
Tel: 025- 4891681
e-mail: zhangp@nuaa.edu.cn
论文题目åQ?
½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境与译者的选è¯
——对《简爱》两¿U译本的比较
Social-cultural Context and the Translator’s Choice of Words
——A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions of Jane Eyre
摘è¦: 本文比较了分别诞生于30òq´ä»£å’?0òq´ä»£çš„两部《简爱》ä¸è¯‘本åQŒç›®çš„在于æ½CÞZ¸åŒçš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境是如何作用于译者对è¯æ±‡çš„选择的ã€?
关键è¯?½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境åQ›è¯‘者选è¯
Social-cultural Context and the Translator’s Choice of Words
——A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions of Jane Eyre
Abstract:This paper compares two Chinese versions of Jane Eyre, which were
produced in the 1930s and 1990s respectively. The purpose is to see how
social-cultural context works on the translator’s choice of words.
Key Words: social-cultural contextåQ›the translator’s choice of words.
一ã€ç¿»è¯‘是一定社ä¼?x¨¬)文化框架内的决½{–过½E‹ã€?
ž®½ç®¡¾˜»è¯‘‹zÕdŠ¨åŒ…å«äº†ä¸€¾pÕdˆ—çš„è¯a€è½¬æ¢åQŒä½†ä»Žæœ¬è´¨ä¸Šè®ÔŒ¼Œå®ƒä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸€™å¹ç¤¾ä¼?x¨¬)活动和心熋zÕdŠ¨ã€‚翻译之所以æˆä¸ºæ¯ä¸ªç¤¾ä¼?x¨¬)ä¸å¿…é¡»çš„æ´»åŠ¨æ˜¯å› äØ?f¨´)它具有实用的功能。翻译在ä¸åŒçš„时代ã€ä¸åŒçš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化背景下，功能也丞®½ç›¸åŒã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè¯‘è€…æ— æ³•é¿å…è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„问题åQšç¿»è¯‘什么ã€ä½•æ—¶ç¿»è¯‘ã€å¦‚何翻译以åŠäØ“(f¨´)è°è€Œç¿»è¯‘。äØ“(f¨´)了回½{”这些问题，译者必™åÖMº†è§£ç¿»è¯‘的功能以åŠä»?å¥ÒŽ(gu¨©)‰€å¤„çš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)背景。翻译过½E‹ä¸çš„选择包括以下斚w¢åQšæ–‡æœ¬çš„选择åQˆå³¾˜»è¯‘的主题）åQŒç¿»è¯‘方法（是全文翻译还是部分翻译，采用归化抑或是洋化的手段åQ‰ï¼Œè¯è¨€é£Žæ ¼ä»¥åŠå…·ä½“è¯æ±‡çš„é€‰æ‹©ã€‚å› è€Œï¼Œ¾˜»è¯‘是一定社ä¼?x¨¬)文化框架内的决½{–过½E‹ã€‚译者的决ç–ä¸ä»…ä»…å–决于ä»?她的è¯è¨€çŸ¥è¯†ã€‚其决ç–很大½E‹åº¦ä¸Šå–决于特定时代的社ä¼?x¨¬)文化环境。æ£å¦‚巴斯纳ç‰?Bassinet)和勒弗维ž®?
(Lefevere) 所说的åQšç¿»è¯‘åæ˜ äº†æŸç§æ„识形æ€å’Œè¯—å¦åQŒåŒæ ·åœ°åQŒåœ¨ç‰¹å®šçš„社ä¼?x¨¬)环境ä¸å®ƒä»¥ç‰¹å®šçš„æ–¹å¼æ“¾U늀文å¦åœ¨è¯¥½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)ä¸æ‰€æ‰¿æ‹…的功èƒ?1)ã€?选择和决½{–在¾˜»è¯‘ä¸æ˜¯å¦‚æ¤é‡è¦ä»¥è‡³äºŽä“Q何关于翻译的ç†è®ºéƒ½è¦æˆ–多或少地涉åŠåˆ°å®ƒä»¬ã€‚事实上åQŒè®¸å¤šç¿»è¯‘ç†è®ºå®¶éƒ½ç ”½I¶è¿‡¾˜»è¯‘的选择和决½{–过½E‹ã€‚有些翻译ç†è®ºå®¶å¼ø™°ƒå†³ç–˜q‡ç¨‹çš„社ä¼?x¨¬)文化方é¢ã€‚例如，埃文-ä½å“ˆž®?Even-Zohar)(1981),
朗贞®?d¨¡ng)（LambertåQ?1988), 囄¡‘ž(Toury)(1981)指出目的è¯æ–‡åŒ–çš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)¾l济状况和文å¦ä½“¾pÕdª„å“选择原文ã€ç¿»è¯‘顺åºå’Œæ€ÖM½“的翻译ç–略。“译者的选择事实上å¯ä»¥ç”¨½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)认å¯ã€ç¤¾ä¼?x¨¬)约æŸå’Œ½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)¼›å¿Œæ¥è§£é‡Šï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶å€™ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ç”¨æ³•å¾‹å’Œ¼›ä×o(h¨´)æ¥è§£é‡Šâ€?2)。å¦å¤–一些翻译ç†è®ºå®¶åQŒä¾‹å¦‚娞®?d¨¡ng)æ–¯åQˆWilssåQ?1996)也æ刎ͼŒé™¤äº†å¿ƒç†å› ç´ å¤–ï¼Œå…¶ä»–å› ç´ ä¹Ÿåª„å“ç€è¯‘者的选择˜q‡ç¨‹ã€‚他认äØ“(f¨´)æœ‰äº›åŽŸæ–‡å…ƒç´ éš¾ä»¥ç”¨è®¤çŸ¥ç†è®ºåŠ 以解释，˜q™è¯´æ˜Žç¿»è¯‘的决疘q‡ç¨‹¾cÖM¼¼äºŽå¿ƒç†å¦ä¸Šçš„刺激-å应现象åQŒæœ‰äº›åˆº‹È€å¾—到了äh们的注æ„而å¦ä¸€äº›åˆ™æœªè¢«äººæ³¨æ„到(3)。社ä¼?x¨¬)æ–‡åŒ–å› ç´ å’Œä¸ªähå› ç´ çš„äº¤äº’ä½œç”¨ä‹É得译者很éšùN¿å…主观性的决ç–ã€?br />
二：(x¨¬)½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境与译者的选è¯
译者åƈéžåœ¨ä¸€¿Uç†æƒ›_Œ–或抽象的情åŞ下è¿ä½œï¼Œå„个时期译者的选择也呈现出ä¸åŒçš„特ç‚V€‚本文旨在探讨ä¸åŒçš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境对译者选è¯çš„媄å“ã€?
在翻译过½E‹ä¸åQŒè¯‘者往往ä¼?x¨¬)é‡åˆ°è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„情åÅžåQšåŽŸè¯ä¸æŸä¸ªæ¦‚念在译è¯ä¸å¯èƒ½ä¼?x¨¬)有ä¸æ¢ä¸€¿U解释，上下文是译者决定å–èˆæ—¶çš„关键å‚ç…§å› ç´ ï¼Œä½†é™¤äº†è¯å¢ƒä¹‹å¤–，½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境也会(x¨¬)å½±å“译者的选è¯ã€‚纽马克曾指出：(x¨¬)“两个文本å¯èƒ½æ˜q°åŒä¸€åœºæˆ˜äº‰æˆ–爆动或争辩，但（作者） 所使用的è¯a€â€¦â€¦å¯èƒ½ä»£è¡¨ä¸åŒçš„观点。â€?4) 本文比较了《简·爱》的两部ä¸è¯‘本，它们分别诞生äº?0òq´ä»£(ç”±æŽéœé‡Žè¯?å’?0òq´ä»£(由黄æºæ·±è¯?åQŒæ¯”较的目的在于æ示ä¸åŒçš„社ä¼?x¨¬)文化环境是如何作用于译者的选择的。作者主è¦æ¯”较了两部译本的è¯a€ç‰¹è‰²åQŒä»Žä¸å¯ä»¥ç®¡½H¥å‡º½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境对译者选è¯çš„媄å“。在æ¤ï¼Œè¯‘者的选è¯æŒ‡è¯‘者对原文ä¸æŸä¸ªç‰¹å®šè¯è¯çš„è¯ é‡ŠåQŒå³è¯‘者是如何选择特定的目的è¯è¯æ±‡æ¥è§£é‡ŠåŽŸæ–‡ä¸æŸä¸ªç‰¹å®šæ¦‚念的。通过比较åQŒä½œè€…å‘现æŽè¯‘本ä¸åŒ…å«è¾ƒå¤šæ„识åÅžæ€å«ä¹‰è¾ƒ‹¹“厚的é©å‘½æ€§è¯è¯ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚“å抗â€ã€â€œæ–—争â€ã€â€œé©å‘½â€ç‰è¯å¤š‹Æ¡å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨è¯‘æ–‡ä¸ï¼Œç›¸æ¯”较而言åQŒé»„译本的è¯a€æ€ÖM½“上则òq›_’Œçš„多。通过比较两译文的文å—åQŒå¯ä»¥çœ‹å‡ºæŽå’Œé»„是从ä¸åŒçš„角度æ¥è¯ 释原著Jane Eyre 的。æŽè¯‘本从政æ²Èš„角度æ¥è§£è¯»Jane EyreåQŒè€Œé»„译本则是从心ç†åˆ†æžçš„角度æ¥è§£è¯ÕdŽŸæ–‡çš„。现举两ŒD‰|–‡å—çš„¾˜»è¯‘åŠ ä»¥è¯´æ˜Žã€?
原文åQ?
I continued the labors of the village school as actively and faithfully
as I could. It was truly hard work at first. Some time clasped before,
with all my efforts, I could comprehend my scholars and their nature. Wholly
untaught, with faculties quite torpid, they seemed to me hopelessly dull;
and at first sight, all dull alike: but I soon found I was mistaken. There
was a difference among them as amongst the educated; and when I got to
know them, and they me, this difference rapidly developed itself. Their
amazement at me, my language, my rules and ways, once subsided, I found
some of these heavy-looking, gaping rustics wake up into sharp-witted girls
enough.åQˆVolume III, chapter VIåQ?
译文åQ?
æˆ‘å°½åŠ›å¿ å®žç§¯æžåœ°¾l§ç®‹ä¹¡æ‘å¦æ ¡çš„工作。一上楼‹®æ˜¯è‰°è¾›çš„工作呵。我费劲全力åQŒè¿‡äº†äº›æ—¶æ‰äº†è§£æˆ‘çš„å¦ç”Ÿå’Œå¥¹ä»¬çš„天性。她们全没有å—过教育åQŒå¿ƒæ™ºå分麻木ä¸ä»ï¼Œåœ¨æˆ‘看æ¥åQŒæ˜¯½W¨å¾—没有希望了；上æ¥ä¸€çœ‹ï¼Œå…¨æ˜¯åŒæ ·½W¨ï¼›ä½†æ˜¯ä¸ä¹…我就å‘现我错了。她们之间有一¿U区别，ž®±å¦‚åŒåœ¨å—教育的äºÞZ¹‹é—´ä¸€æ øP¼›åœ¨æˆ‘æ¸æ¸äº†è§£äº†å¥¹ä»¬ï¼Œå¥¹ä»¬äº†è§£äº†æˆ‘的时候，˜q™ç§åŒºåˆ«ž®Þp¿…速显明出æ¥äº†ã€‚她们对于我ã€æˆ‘的言è¯ã€è§„律和ä¹?f¨¤n)惯一ä¸å¤§æ„ŸæƒŠå¼‚，我å‘è§‰è¿™äº›å¼ ç€å˜´çš„½W¨æ ·ä¹¡ä¸‹äºÞZ¸åQŒæœ‰å‡ 个倒觉æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿè¿‡æ¥ï¼ŒæˆäØ“(f¨´)å分伶ä¿çš„äh了。（æŽè¯‘本p.451åQ?
我ç‘ô¾läØ“(f¨´)办好乡æ‘å¦æ ¡ž®½å¿ƒ?y¨u)®½åŠ›åQŒè“våˆç¡®å®žå›°éšùN‡é‡ï¼Œž®½ç®¡æˆ‘ä‹É出浑íw«è§£æ•ŽÍ¼Œ˜q˜æ˜¯˜q‡äº†ä¸€ŒD‰|—¶é—´æ‰äº†è§£æˆ‘çš„å¦ç”Ÿå’Œå¥¹ä»¬çš„天性。她们完全没有嗘q‡æ•™è‚ÔŒ¼Œå®˜èƒ½éƒ½å¾ˆ˜qŸé’åQŒæˆ‘觉得˜q™äº›äººç¬¨å¾—æ— å¯æ•‘è¯ã€‚ç²—¾_—一看，个个都是呆头呆脑的，但ä¸ä¹…我ž®±å‘现自己错了。就åƒå—˜q‡æ•™è‚²çš„äºÞZ¹‹é—´æ˜¯æœ‰åŒºåˆ«çš„一æ øP¼Œä»–们之间也有区别。我了解她们åQŒå¥¹ä»¬ä¹Ÿäº†è§£æˆ‘之åŽï¼Œ˜q™ç§åŒºåˆ«ä¾¿å¾ˆå¿«ä¸çŸ¥ä¸è§‰åœ°æ‰©å¤§äº†ã€‚一旦她们对我的è¯è¨€ã€ä¹ (f¨¤n)惯和生活方å¼ä¸å†æ„Ÿåˆ°æƒŠè®¶åQŒæˆ‘便å‘çŽîC¸€äº›ç¥žæ€å‘†æ»žã€ç›®å…‰è¿Ÿé’的乡巴佬，蜕å˜æˆäº†å¤´è„‘机çµçš„姑娘。（黄译æœ?p.336åQ?
原文æ述了简·çˆ×ƒ½œä¹¡æ‘å¥Ïx•™å¸ˆçš„一ŒDµå¿ƒç†èµ\½E‹ã€‚æŽè¯‘本用了˜q™æ ·çš„è¯æ±‡ï¼š(x¨¬)“……一上楼‹®æ˜¯è‰°è¾›çš„工作呵……她们……心智å分麻木ä¸ä»â€¦â€¦ç¬¨å¾—没有希望了åQ›â€¦â€¦ä¸ä¹………我å‘è§‰â€¦â€¦æœ‰å‡ ä¸ªå€’è§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿè¿‡æ¥â€¦â€¦â€ã€‚è¿™ŒD‰|–‡å—ä¸çš„“心智å分麻木ä¸ä»â€å’Œâ€œè§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿâ€ä»¥åŠå…¶å®ƒæ®µè½ä¸çš„相兌™¯è¯ç»™è¯»è€…è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„å°è±¡åQšåŽŸž®è¯´ä¸ÖMh公简·爱是一个有ç€é«˜åº¦è§‰æ?zh¨¨n)Ÿæ„Ÿçš„é©å‘½è€…，她认ä¸ø™‡ªå·±æœ‰è´£ä“Q帮助òq¶è§£æ•‘那些被剥夺了å—教育的æƒåˆ©å’Œž®Šä¸¥çš„å¯æ€œçš„乡下奛_©ã€‚“一上楼‹®æ˜¯è‰°è¾›çš„工作呵â€æš—½CÞZº†½Ž€æ‰€ä½œçš„解救工作实在ä¸å®¹æ˜“，“心智å分麻木ä¸ä»â€¦â€¦ç¬¨å¾—没有希望了â€è¿™å¥è¯æš—示了简æ¨å…¶ä¸äº‰çš„心ç†ï¼Œâ€œè§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿè¿‡æ¥â€?暗示了简对自己工作æˆæ•ˆçš„‹Æ£æ…°ä¹‹æƒ…ã€?
而黄译本则是˜q™æ ·è¯´çš„åQšâ€œâ€¦â€¦è“våˆç¡®å®žå›°éšùN‡é‡ï¼Œâ€¦â€¦å¥¹ä»¬â€¦â€¦å®˜èƒ½éƒ½å¾ˆè¿Ÿé’â€¦â€¦ç¬¨å¾—æ— å¯æ•‘è¯ã€‚……但ä¸ä¹………我便å‘现……乡巴ä{åQŒèœ•å˜æˆäº†å¤´è„‘机ç늚„姑娘。â€è¿™ŒD‰|–‡å—似乎åªæ˜¯æ˜qîCº†ä¸€ä¸ªä¹¡æ‘女教师对其å¦ç”Ÿçš„感情，a€è¯ä¸‹¹éœ²å‡ºæ•™å¸ˆå¯¹ä¸€¾Ÿ¤â€œå®˜èƒ½éƒ½å¾ˆè¿Ÿé’â€çš„å¦ç”Ÿè½¬å˜æˆâ€œå¤´è„‘机ç늚„姑娘â€çš„ç”Þp¡·çš„高兴。这¿U情感åƈ没有暗示ä»ÖM½•çš„关于阶¾U§æ–—争的å«ä¹‰ã€?
两译文所产生的ä¸åŒæ•ˆæžœæºäºŽä¸¤è¯‘者的选è¯ã€‚å°±æ¤æ®µè€Œè¨€åQŒæˆ‘认äØ“(f¨´)黄译本似乎更接近原文。通读原文åQŒä½œè€…用了很多的½W”墨æ写½Ž€Â·çˆ×ƒ¸Ž¾|—斯特先生之间的爱情åQŒä½œè€…对ä¸ÖMh公简的æ‹çˆ±å¿ƒç†æ›´æ˜¯è¿›è¡Œäº†å…¥æœ¨ä¸‰åˆ†çš„刻甅R€‚从原文看，½Ž€ä½œä¹¡æ‘女教师一斚w¢æ˜¯äØ“(f¨´)了生计，更是ä¸ÞZº†å¼ø™¿«è‡ªå·±å¿˜å´å¯¹ç½—切斯特的爱情åQŒçŽ°å®žç”Ÿ‹zÕd‘Šè¯‰æˆ‘们，一个深陷于爱情烦æ¼ä¸çš„奛_大概ä¸ä¼š(x¨¬)有精力去考虑拯救别ähçµé‚çš„è´£ä»ÀL„ŸåQŒæ‰€ä»¥è¯‘本从心ç†åˆ†æžçš„角度æ¥è§£è¯»åŽŸæ–‡åº”该更接˜q‘原著本æ„，æ£å¦‚奈达所谓的让“译本在译文读者ä¸äº§ç”Ÿä¸ŽåŽŸè‘—在原文读者ä¸ç›¸åŒçš„效果â€ã€‚从½Ž€çš„角度讲åQŒå¥¹ä¼?x¨¬)很自然地将˜q™äº›å†œæ‘å¦ç”Ÿä¸Žä»¥å¾€æ•™è¿‡çš„å¦ç”Ÿä½œä¸€æ¯”较åQŒè“våˆå¥¹å‘现了乡æ‘女å¦ç”Ÿçš„“torpid facultiesâ€?and “dull natureâ€ã€‚æ ¹æ®ã€Šæœ—曼当代英è¯è¾žå…¸ã€‹çš„解释åQŒâ€œtorpidâ€?çš„æ„æ€æ˜¯â€œinactive, slow, lazy, lacking in strengthâ€? “facultyâ€çš„æ„æ€æ˜¯â€œthe power or ability to do something particularâ€? å› æ¤åQŒâ€œtorpid facultiesâ€çš„æ£ç¡®ç†è§£åº”该是乡æ‘女å¦ç”Ÿå¦ä¹ (f¨¤n)å应能力较慢åQŒâ€œdullâ€åº”该被ç†è§£ä¸ºâ€œuninterestingâ€ã€‚æ¤å¤–，½Ž€è¯´è¿™äº›ä¹¡æ‘å¦ç”Ÿæœ€¾lˆâ€œwake up into sharp-witted girls enoughâ€ã€‚在˜q™é‡ŒåQŒâ€œwake upâ€æ˜¯ä¸€¿Uæš—å–È”¨æ³•ï¼Œå¯¹ç®€æ¥è¯´åQŒè¿™æ„味瀘q™äº›ä¹¡æ‘奛_¦ç”Ÿçš„å应能力æé«˜äº†ã€‚æ— è®ºæ˜¯è‹Þp¯è¾žå…¸˜q˜æ˜¯åŽŸä½œè€…éƒ½æ— æ„¾l™è¿™äº›è¯è¯åŠ 上ä“Q何æ„识åÅžæ€å«ä¹‰ã€‚但是，在æŽè¯‘本ä¸ï¼Œ “torpid facultyâ€å˜æˆäº†â€œå¿ƒæ™ºå分麻木ä¸ä»â€?“wake upâ€å˜æˆäº†â€œè§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿâ€ï¼Œ˜q™äº›æ±‰è¯è¯æ±‡è‡›_°‘¾l™ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†ä¸å›½è¯»è€…è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„暗示åQšå¥¹å¯¹è¿™äº›ä¹¡æ‘女å¦ç”Ÿæ€€ç€æ—¢çˆ±åˆæ¨çš„心ç†ï¼Œçˆ±å¥¹ä»¬æ˜¯å› äØ“(f¨´)她们是她的å§å¦¹ï¼Œæ¨å¥¹ä»¬æ˜¯å› äØ“(f¨´)她们ž®šæœªæœ‰äØ“(f¨´)了自å·Þqš„æƒåˆ©è€Œæ–—争的æ„识ã€?
æŽéœé‡Žä¸å¯èƒ½ä¸ç†è§£åŽŸè¯çš„æ„æ€ï¼Œä»–对˜q™ä¸¤ä¸ªçŸè¯çš„¾˜»è¯‘昄¡„¶æ˜¯æœ‰æ„的误译åQŒä¹Ÿž®±æ˜¯è¯´æŽéœé‡Žæœ‰æ„½‹¡æ”¹äº†åŽŸä½œè€…çš„æ„æ€ã€‚ä»–çš„è¿™¿U误译与当时的社ä¼?x¨¬)文化环境有ç€å¯†åˆ‡è”系。在二å世纪三åòq´ä»£åQŒä¸å›½ähæ°‘æ£åœ¨ä¸Žæ—§çš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)制度˜q›è¡Œä¸å±ˆä¸æŒ 的斗争，为的是å¾ç«‹ä¸€ä¸ªå…¨æ–°çš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)。当时的文å¦ä½œå“åQŒåŒ…括翻译作å“，大都是äØ“(f¨´)了æœåŠ¡äºŽ˜q™ä¸€é©å‘½ç›®çš„。当时的许多作家和翻译家都用½W”作为é©å‘½çš„æ¦å™¨åQŒå”¤é†’ä¸å›½æ°‘ä¼—çš„çµé‚åQŒä‹É更多的ähåŠ å…¥åˆ°é©å‘½è¡Œåˆ—ä¸æ¥ã€‚鲘q…先生是˜q™ä¸€˜q动的领袖，他的许多文å¦ä½œå“带有明显的政æ²Õd€‘֑性。æŽéœé‡Žä½œäØ“(f¨´)é²è¿…的追éšè€…和亲密朋å‹åQŒæ·±å—先生的影å“åQŒä»¥è‡³äºŽåœ¨ç¿»è¯‘关于æ写农æ‘äh的段è½æ—¶åQŒä¹Ÿæ¨¡ä»¿å…ˆç”Ÿæ写农æ‘人士所用的典型用è¯åQŒé€‰æ‹©äº†è¯¸å¦‚“心智å分麻木ä¸ä»â€å’Œâ€œè§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿâ€è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„è¯æ±‡æ¥ç¿»è¯‘原文ä¸æ¯«æ— æ„识形æ€æ„义的è¯è¯ã€?0òq´ä»£æ‰€äº§ç”Ÿçš„许多译作ä¸éƒ½åŒ…å«äº†ç›¸å½“多的诸如“觉æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿâ€ã€â€œé©å‘½â€ã€â€œå抗â€ä¹‹¾cÈš„è¯æ±‡åQŒè¿™‘³ä»¥è¯æ˜Žå½“时的政æ²ÈŽ¯å¢ƒå¯¹è¯‘者选è¯çš„媄å“ã€?
黄æºæ·±å°†â€œtorpid facultyâ€è¯‘æˆâ€œå®˜èƒ½éƒ½å¾ˆè¿Ÿé’â€ï¼Œâ€œwake upâ€è¯‘æˆâ€œèœ•å˜â€?黄对˜q™äº›è¯æ±‡çš„解释符å?0òq´ä»£ä¸å›½è¯»è€…的情趣。那时的ä¸å›½æ£å¤„于绋¹Žè“¬å‹ƒå‘展时期，äºÞZ»¬æ¸´æœ›å’Œåã^½E›_®šçš„政æ²ÈŽ¯å¢ƒï¼Œ˜q‡ä¸°å¯Œå¤šå½©çš„生活。å‡å¦‚黄æºæ·±çš„译本也ž®†â€œtorpid facultyâ€è¯‘æˆâ€œå¿ƒæ™ºå分麻木ä¸ä»â€ï¼Œâ€œwake upâ€è¯‘æˆâ€œè§‰æ‚(zh¨¨n)Ÿâ€çš„è¯ï¼Œè¯»è€…å¯èƒ½ä¼š(x¨¬)问：(x¨¬)“这个翻译是什么æ„æ€ï¼ŸéšùN“一场新的阶¾U§æ–—争è¦æ¥äº†å—？â€?
下é¢ä¸€ŒD늚„¾˜»è¯‘也说明了两译者在选è¯æ–šw¢çš„差异ã€?
原文:
I have not yet said anything condemnatory of Mr. Rochester’s project of
marrying for interest and connections. It surprised me when I first discovered
that such was his intention: I had thought him a man unlikely to be influenced
by motives so commonplace in his choice of a wife; but the longer I considered
the position, education of the parties, the less I felt justified in judging
and blaming either him or Miss Ingram, for acting in conformity to ideas
and principles instilled into them, doubtless, from their childhood?�volume
II, chapter III)
译文:
对于¾|—契å¸ç‰¹å…ˆç”Ÿè¦äØ“(f¨´)利益和关¾p»è€Œç»“婚，我还没有说什么责难è¯å“©ã€‚我首先å‘觉˜q™æ˜¯ä»–的心æ„æ—Óž¼Œæˆ‘很åƒæƒŠåQšæˆ‘以äØ“(f¨´)在选择å¦Õd上，他ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªè¢«˜q™æ ·æ™®é€šåŠ¨æœºæ‰€å½±å“çš„ähåQ›ä½†æ˜¯æˆ‘‘Šæ€é‡åŒæ–¹çš„地ä½ã€æ•™è‚²ç‰½{‰ï¼Œæˆ‘å°±‘Šè§‰å¾—我没有ç†ç”±æ¥æ‰¹åˆ¤æˆ–è€…éª‚ä»–æˆ–å¥¹ï¼Œå› äØ“(f¨´)æ— ç–‘ä»–ä»¬æ˜¯æŒ‰ç…§ç«¥òq´æ‰€çŒè¾“的观念和原则行事的……。（æŽè¯‘本：(x¨¬)p.25åQ?
对罗切斯特先生从个äh利益和亲属关¾p»è€ƒè™‘的婚姻计划，我至今没有ä“Q何微è¯ã€‚我åˆæ¬¡å‘觉他的˜q™ä¸€æ‰“ç®—æ—Óž¼Œå¾ˆæœ‰äº›è¯§å¼‚。我曾认为åƒä»–è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„人，在择å¶æ—¶ä¸ä¼š(x¨¬)ä¸ø™¿™ä¹ˆé™ˆè…的动机所左å³ã€‚但是我对男奛_Œæ–¹çš„åœîC½ã€æ•™å…ȉ½{‰è€ƒè™‘得越久，我越感到自己没有ç†ç”±å› äØ“(f¨´)¾|—åˆ‡æ–¯ç‰¹å…ˆç”Ÿå’Œè‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†å°å§æŒ‰æ— 疑在童òq´æ—¶ž®ÞqŒè¾“è¿›åŽÈš„æ€æƒ³å’ŒåŽŸåˆ™è¡Œäº‹ï¼Œž®Þp´£å¤‡ä»–们ã€?黄译本：(x¨¬)p.171-172)
在以上两ŒDµè¯‘æ–‡ä¸åQŒè¯‘者对“blameâ€ä¸€è¯çš„¾˜»è¯‘有较大的差异åQŒæŽéœé‡Žž®†å®ƒè¯‘æˆâ€œâ€˜æ‰¹åˆ¤â€™æˆ–‘骂’â€ä¸¤ä¸ªè¯åQŒè€Œé»„æºæ·±åˆ™å°†å®ƒè¯‘æˆâ€œè´£å¤‡â€ã€?æ ÒŽ(gu¨©)®ã€Šæœ—曼当代英è¯è¾žå…¸ã€‹ï¼Œâ€œblameâ€ä¸€è¯çš„英文解释是“to consider (someone) responsible for something badâ€ã€‚如上é¢ä¸€ŒDµä¸çš„“torpid facultyâ€å’Œâ€œwake upâ€ä¸€æ øP¼Œâ€œblameâ€è¿™ä¸ªè¯åœ¨è‹±æ–‡ä¸ä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸æ€§è¯åQŒå®ƒæ²¡æœ‰ä»ÖM½•çš„æ„识åÅžæ€å«ä¹‰ã€‚但是，æŽéœé‡Žé€‰æ‹©äº†â€œæ‰¹åˆ¤â€å’Œâ€œéª‚â€è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªè¯æ¥è¯ 释“blameâ€ã€‚这两个汉è¯è¯æš—½Cºç€å¼ºçƒˆçš„“仇æ¨â€è‰²å½©ï¼Œâ€œæ‰¹åˆ¤â€è¿™ä¸ªè¯åœ¨å½“代ä¸å›½è¯»è€…心目ä¸æ˜¯å’Œé˜¶çñ”斗争è”系在一èµïL(f¨¥ng)š„。“骂â€ä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ„Ÿæƒ…色彩分明的汉è¯è¯æ±‡ã€‚从½Ž€çš„角度讲åQŒå°½½Ž¡å¥¹å’Œç½—切å¸ç‰¹ä¹‹é—´å˜åœ¨èín份和åœîC½çš„差异，但是两ähå´æ·±æ·Þq›¸çˆÞq€ã€‚在原著ä¸ï¼Œä¸ç®¡å¥¹å’Œ¾|—切å¸ç‰¹åœ¨ä¸€èµïL(f¨¥ng)š„时候还是彼æ¤åˆ†å¼€åQŒå¥¹å¯¹ç½—切å¸ç‰¹çš„爱情始终未å˜åQŒå¥¹ä»Žæ²¡æœ‰æ¨˜q‡ä»–ã€‚å¥¹å¯¹è‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†å°å§çš„感情一直很å¤æ‚åQŒä¸€æ–šw¢åQŒå¥¹å«‰å¦’è‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†ž®å§åQŒå› ä¸ø™‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†å°å§ä¸ä½†ç¾Žè²Œè€Œä¸”富有。å¦ä¸€æ–šw¢åQŒå¥¹åˆå‘çŽ°è‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†å°å§æ€§æ ¼ä¸è™šä¼ªçš„一é¢ï¼Œâ€œHer mind was poor, her heart barren by natureâ€? “She was not good; she was not original: she never offered, nor had an opinion of her ownâ€? æ¢å¥è¯è¯´åQŒåƒè‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†ž®å§˜q™æ ·çš„女å是抓ä¸ä½ç½—切å¸ç‰¹çš„心的。所以，在她的心ç‰|·±å¤„，½Ž€å¯¹å¥¹çš„情敌充满了蔑视åQŒå› 为她认äØ“(f¨´)è‡ªå·±æ¯”è‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†å°å§èªæ˜Žã€‚简曄¡»åœ¨æ•™ä¼?x¨¬)å¦æ ¡å—˜q‡ä¸¥æ ¼çš„½CégÈAè®ç»ƒåQŒä¹‹åŽä½œ˜q‡æ•™å¸ˆï¼Œå¥ÒŽ(gu¨©)˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ‡‚得自ž®Šè‡ªçˆÞqš„人，她决ä¸ä¼š(x¨¬)让“批判â€å’Œâ€œéª‚â€è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„å—眼从自å·Þqš„嘴里说出æ¥ã€‚æ¤å¤–，很难惌™±¡ä¸€ä¸ªæ‹çˆ×ƒ¸çš„女人在谈到她的çˆ×ƒh时会(x¨¬)用“批判â€è¿™æ ïL(f¨¥ng)š„å—眼åQŒä»Žä»¥ä¸Šåˆ†æžæ¥çœ‹åQŒé»„æºæ·±çš„选è¯ä¼ég¹Žæ›´æŽ¥˜q‘原文å«ä¹‰ã€?
考虑到æŽéœé‡Žæ‰€å¤„çš„½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化环境åQŒä»–在翻译“blameâ€ä¸€è¯æ—¶çš„选择是完全å¯ä»¥ç†è§£çš„。在二å世纪三åòq´ä»£åQŒä¸å›½å›½å†…å˜åœ¨å°–é”的阶çñ”斗争åQŒæ— 产阶¾U§äØ“(f¨´)了自å·Þqš„æƒåˆ©å’Œè‡ªç”׃¸Žèµ„äñ”阶çñ”˜q›è¡Œè‹±å‹‡çš„斗争，在当æ—Óž¼Œâ€œæ‰¹åˆ¤â€ä¸€è¯æ˜¯æŒ‚在农民和工人阶¾U§å£å¤´çš„常用è¯ï¼Œè€Œâ€œéª‚â€åˆ™æ˜¯å½“时的工农阶çñ”与资产阶¾U§è¿›è¡Œæ–—争的½{–略之一åQŒåœ¨˜q™ç§½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)文化背景之下åQŒæŽéœé‡Žåœ¨ç¿»è¯‘Jane Eyre时很自然地就让简å˜æˆäº†ä¸€ä¸ªä¸å›½æ— 产阶¾U§ï¼Œè€Œç½—切å¸ç‰¹å…ˆç”Ÿå’Œè‹±æ ¼æ‹‰å§†ž®å§åˆ™å˜æˆäº†ä¸å›½çš„资产阶¾U§ã€‚也æ£å› 为æ¤åQŒè¯‘者在¾˜»è¯‘时决ä¸ä¼š(x¨¬)å‘现他在é£è¯é€ å¥ ä¸çš„ä¸åˆé€‚ã€?
三：(x¨¬)¾l“æŸè¯?
ä¸åŒæ—¶ä»£çš„译者对åŒä¸€è¯æ±‡çš„大相径åºçš„解释说明译者所处时代的½C¾ä¼š(x¨¬)政治背景影å“ç€è¯‘者的选择。译者通常是带ç€æŸç§é¢„想或åè§èµ°˜q‘原文的åQŒè€Œè¿™¿U预æƒÏxˆ–åè§æ£æ˜¯è¯‘者政æ²Õd€‘Ö‘çš„åæ˜ ï¼Œè¯‘è€…çš„æ”¿æ²»å€‘Ö‘å¯ä»¥è§£é‡Šä¸ÞZ»€ä¹ˆè¯‘者会(x¨¬)有愞®†åŽŸæ–‡ä¸çš„一个ä¸æ€§è¯è§£é‡Šæˆè¯‘文里å…ähœ‰æ˜Žæ˜¾æ”¿æ²»å€‘֑性的è¯æ±‡åQŒç”šè‡Ïxœ‰æ—¶å€™åŽŸæ–‡ä¸çš„åŒä¸€ä¸ªè¯åœ¨è¯‘文里也会(x¨¬)有完全相åçš„å«ä¹‰ã€?
注释åQ?
(1) “Translation reflects a certain ideology and poetics and as such manipulates
literature to function in a given society in a given way�(Bassinet & Lefevere
1992:xi).
(2)“The translator’s options can indeed be explained by social recommendations,
restrictions, taboos, but sometimes also by laws and prohibitions (Lambert
1994:19, cited in Wilss 1996:182)
(3) “The question of why a textual element fails to take on a cognitive
structure opening the way for decision –making is analogous to the question
of why some stimuli are attended to and perceived, while others go unnoticed�Wilss,
1996:189)
(4) “Two texts may describe a battle or a riot or a debate, stating the
same facts and figures, but the type of language used…may be evidence of
different points of view.�Newmark 1988:12)
å‚考文献：(x¨¬)
1. Bronte ,Charlotte Jane Eyre [Z] 黄æºæ·?《简·爱》å—京：(x¨¬)译林出版½C?1993
2. Bronte ,Charlotte Jane Eyre [Z] æŽéœé‡?《简·爱》西安：(x¨¬)陕西人民出版½C?1982
3. 王晓å…?“æ„识åÅžæ€ä¸Žæ–‡å¦¾˜»è¯‘的互动关¾p Z€?[J] 《ä¸å›½ç¿»è¯‘ã€?999 (2):10-13
4. è®?d¨¡ng)R’§,½I†å—åQˆMouninåQ?“关于翻译ç†è®ºç ”½I¶çš„å‡ ç‚¹çœ‹æ³•â€?[A] è®?d¨¡ng)R’§,å¼ ä¼¯ç„?《翻译论集ã€?[C] å—京åQšè¯‘林出版社1997 46-54
5. Bassinet & Lefevere Translation/History/Culture: [C] A Coursebook[C]
London: Routledge 1992
6. Gentzler,Edwin Contemporary Translation Theories [M] London and New
York: Routledge 1993
7. Newmark, Peter A Textbook of Translation [M] Hertfordshire: Prentice
Hall 1988
8. Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translationâ€?[J] 《外国è¯ã€?998 (3):
29-33
9. Wilss, Wolfram. Knowledge and Skills in Translation Behavior [M] Amsterdam/
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 1996