作者简介:陈仕彬,1940q出生,1966q毕业于四川大学q语言文学p,毕业后在中国银行从事金融业务译工作?984-1985q曾以访问学者n份在U约哥u比亚大学法学院和资助律师事务所q修。先后翻译ƈ在《INTERTRADE》、《中国金融》、《中国法律》等刊物上发表文章及金融法规?50。出版译著十余部?
W一?译的基本标?/p>
Q一Q准?br />译者在译时要站在正确的立ZQ表明正的观点Q不能犯原则性错误。比如,西方国家常把我国的台湄和其他国家等同v来,译时应作技术性处理,把台湑֍列出来,q加?地区"二字Q以C区别。动W之前要深刻理解原文的中心思想和内容,扑և隄Q特别是无法对译的地方,然后再查字典和参考书、参考资料,C相关的提C汇和术语。准备妥当之后才着手翻译,按照中外语言文字的不同习惯,可能地把作者的思想、语气、风根{感情色彩再现出来,力做到所?信、达、雅"。英语和汉语一般都有对应的语汇Q然而在处理具体问题Ӟ常常不能完全对应。比如汉语习惯称亚洲"四小?Q英语虽然可译成the Asian "four dragons"Q但西方人大都叫the Asian "four tigers"?four tigers" in AsiaQ因为在西方人的眼里Qdragon是一U类似鳄鱼或蛇,长有膀会吐火的怪物Q常常守看金银胦宝。成语或谚语更是如此Q非但无法对应,有时甚至q原文的t迹都没有了Q如 "Don‘t teach your grandmother to suck eggs"Q如果按照字面直译成"不要教你的奶奶磕鸡蛋"Q让人看了会莫名其妙。要是意译ؓ"不要班门弄斧"Q就既表达了原意Q也W合汉语习惯。和汉语一Pp的成语也很多Q但其中大部分都很难对译成汉语成语,只好意译。这里再丑և个例子:like talking to a brick wallQ对牛弹_瞎子点灯白费蜡)-to waste one‘s breath trying to persuade someone who is so obstinate to listen to reasonQ如_ "He is so dogmatic; it‘s like talking to a brick wall arguing with him." To make bricks without strawQy妇难做无c之炊)-to try to achieve some result with inadequate meansQ如_"We were unable to give you an opinion because you didn‘t give us the information we needed. We can‘t make bricks without straw." The rotten appleQ害之马,败家之子Q?the one bad person among a number of good onesQ如_ "His youngest son was the rotten apple." To pay back in the same coin, to pay sb. back in his own coin, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a toothQ(以眼q眼Q以牙还牙,以其Z道还dZw)-to retaliate by using the same methodQ如_"Jukes has attacked us in his advertisement overseas; we will pay him back in the same coin." To have a heart of goldQ有一副菩萨心肠)-to be a kind, generous, forgiving person whose qualities are much appreciated; Walls have earsQ隔墙有耻I-You must be very careful what you say because someone may be eavesdropping.
在遵循准这一原则的同Ӟq要注意U定俗成的问题。有的银行业务术语沿用已久,׃必去行更正Q比?根"Q被用来指advice of drawing, drawing adviceQ即开通知。然?根"的英语对应词是counterfoilQ指M证开出或撕下后的存根Q显然两者是有本质区别的。因此,在银行工作中到"根"二字Ӟ切不可翻译成"counterfoil"?/p>
Q二Q规范化
英汉对译时必M译文规范化,x用的词汇、短语、句子及语法都必ȝ合本语种的一般规范和习惯Q否则就会出C文西化,西文中化的毛病。汉语说Q?他走得很快?"?是主语,"?是谓语,"很快"是补语。翻译成pQHe walks very fast.管语序相同Q但"very fast"是状语而不是补语。又如:"我在中国银行工作?q个句子的状?在中国银?攑֜动词"工作"之前Q而英语则把它攑֜"work"之后Q即Q?I work in (at, for) the Bank of China."如果此句再倒译成中?我工作在中国银行"Q就西化了,不符合汉语习惯。由此可见,要译文规范化,必须牢固而又清楚地掌握英汉两U语a文字的相同点和不同点Q不然译文将晦ӆ难懂?/p>
Q三Q脓(chung)切传?br />p里有时一个句子较长,作者运用了形象比喻{手法,汉语中很难找到对应的语汇Q这时要Ҏ(gu)上下文的意思,或者整文章的中心意思,作适当处理Q但又不损失、冲淡甚x曲原意。请看以下例子: CED Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat. ȝ理芬克斯泰因Q他需要拿Z个绝招来Q直译:他需要从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来Q?/p>
q是国《商业周刊》(Business WeekQ?992q??7日所刊登"A ‘Death Knell?at Macy‘s?"一文的插图说明。从题目和文章内Ҏ(gu)看,q位CLȝ理面临种U难题,要挽救梅西公司,他必d耍魔术一hZU不同凡响的解决办法才行。因此,上面q样译z明晰地把作者替ȝ理担忧的心情表达了出来,读者也会ؓ他捏一把汗Q去探个I竟?
在汉译英时同样应注意q一炏V?992q北京国际拍卖会手册上有一位领gh的题词是Q一锤定韻I双方买卖x。我的译文是QA hammer gives the final word, and a deal is concluded between the buyer and seller.q是"一锤定?几个字很形象Q但比较隑֤理。拍卖的实际操作是由拍卖主锤师用木锤敲桌梆的形式来决定交易,而不?成交"之类的话语。因此同旉用了直译和意译两U手法,卻I一(A hammer)、双方买卖即成交(a deal is concluded between the buyer and seller)和定?gives the final word)。这里用"final word"Q或final sayQ指"拍板"Q?敲定"Q即军_下来Q这样处理既忠实原文又生动脓(chung)切。如果完全直译成"A hammer decides (sets) the tune?读者可能以为是乐队指挥真的在那里定韛_?
Q四Q词义的对应
英汉两种语言文字Q一般都能找到相互对应或者近似的语汇。但汉语多义词就比英语少Q许多词都只有一两个意思。如"?字,虽然可以和别的字l成"水井"?气井"{,但仅有名词一U词性,而且所表达的事物都一P即从地面往下钻出的"z?Q只不过冒出或抽出的物质不同而已。作副词时也只是表达整齐Q如井井有条Q井井有序。与此相反,p的井?well"含义很多,而且有五U词性,?涌出、喷?Q动词)Q?好、很好、好意地、恰当地…?Q副词)Q?健康、很好、可取的…?QŞ容词Q;"井、泉、源泉、o人满意的事物…?Q名词)Q?咟뀁嗯、好吧…?Q语气词Q。又比如p?bank"一词,除了?银行"以外Q还?堤防、河岸、库"Q名词)Q?建筑、积累、堆U、到银行存钱、同银行往来…?Q动词)Q还可组成不复合词。翻译时要正理解原文,准确地找到相对应的词汇,避免望文生义Q闹?数据银行Q库Q?Q?_֭银行Q库Q?之类不规范的说法?/p>
英汉词汇意义有的可以完全对应Q有的则只能部分对应。以下句子中划线p单词只能找到部分对应的汉字Q也是说把它同句子割裂开来,便无法判定其意?br />a. He has taken US D10,000.00 from our bank.Q取赎ͼ
b. It will take us two days to have the work finished.
Q花Ҏ(gu)Q用去)
c. She likes to take milk in the morning. Q喝Q?br />d. I‘m easy to take (catch) cold.Q得Q?br />e. We cannot take (understand, make out ) his meaning.
Q理解、明白)
f. Don‘t take away that book. Q拿、取赎ͼ
词义完全对应往往只限于专用名词、专业术语等Q例如:
The House of Commons Q英Q下议院
The United Nations 联合?br />Treasury Department Q美Q胦攉K
Bank of Communications 交通银?br />The Great Hall of the People 人民大会?br />Trademark 商标
Income tax 所得税
Value-added tax 增值税
W二?译的基本方?
前面提到英汉两种语言文字有的可以对应Q有的只能部分对应。因此,译时用最多的是完全对译和部分对译相结合的Ҏ(gu)。同时还要进行艺术加工,卛_q、拆散、引生뀁增加、减、补充说明等Q才能圆满地完成译d。现分别举例q如下:
Q一Q完全对?
凡专有名词、专业术语等一般都采用此种Ҏ(gu)对译Q不涉及C词多义的问题Q所以比较好处理Q例如:
a. National Bank of Pakistan 巴基斯坦国民银行
b. European Economic Community(EEC)Ƨ洲l济共同体(Ƨ共体)
c. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) xa输出国组l(Ƨ佩克)
d. Chicago 芝加?
e. Los Angeles z杉?
f. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 亚太l济合作l织Q亚太经合组l)
Q二Q部分对?
遇到多义词时Q要Ҏ(gu)它在上下文的意思去定它的哪一U词义同汉语Q中文)相对应,或者接q之后,才能军_取舍Q例如:
a. Who has torn the cover of my book? Q封面)
b. We are today forwarding you our new test key under separate cover. Q信、封套)
c. The cover of the above-mentioned draft was remitted to you on the date of issue through the Chartered Bank, London. Q头寸)
到一词多义的情况Ӟ一定要Ҏ(gu)上下文去扑ֈ对应或接q的词,切忌望文生义。银行信贷业务中常说发放hQ英语的发放二字可用make、issue、launch{,如发放贷Ƒ֏译作to launch a loan。但q里的launch一词用在别处意思就不同了。如to launch a movement, campaign, drive搞运动、活动;to launch a training program, class, course丑֊培训班,to launch a satellite发射卫星?
Q三Q艺术加?
译是一U再创造的工作Q这已成Zh们的pQ简单对译的情况很少Q即使是完全在字义上的对译,也会发生语序的变化,前面已有例证。英语说"go to see the doctor"Q直译ؓȝȝQ,而汉语却习惯?ȝQ瞧Q病"。反之,汉语?恢复疲劳"Q最好说"解除疲劳"Q,p却习惯说"relax one‘s mind or relax oneself"Q让大脑放松Q,l对不能按字面意思对译成"resume fatigue"Q又疲劳了)Q初学英语者常犯类似的错误。又如:外国直接投资Q常译成"direct foreign investment"Q直接的外国投资Q,也有译作"foreign direct investment"的。笔者认为后者较好,因ؓ投资方式的修饰语"直接"一词紧靠其前,W合p习惯。汉语L把较重要的修饰词攑֜所有修饰词的前面,如:他是一位杰出的受h爱戴的优U教师。这里强调的是他作出了杰A献,是优U者当中的子。可是,p中还有一个习惯,如果有几个Ş容词同时修饰一名词QŞ容词的顺序是q到长Q最长的紧靠名词的前面,特别是在演讲E中Q读h铉K(sh)有力Q富于乐感,更能打动听众。因此,上面q句话应译成:He is a good, beloved and outstanding teacher. 再看一例:FORTUNE Global Top 500 is a pronoun of the largest, most influential and outstanding complexes in the world. "《胦富》全?00强是世界上最杰出、最有媄响、最大公司的代名词?p用一个词表达的意思,汉语要用两个甚至多个词去译。反之亦然。英汉对译时Q需要同旉用不同的处理Ҏ(gu)Q我们不妨归Ux四个字:艺术加工。下面分别D例说明:
1. 合ƈ
x原文的两个或多个句子合ƈ成一个,或把多个句子合ƈ成较?yu)的句子Q例如:
a. I‘m going to Shanghai by air. I like flying. Q两句)我乘飞机MP我喜Ƣ飞行。(一句,后半句说明ؓ何不坐火车去Q?
b. Our computer runs out of order from time to time. It should be repaired. Q两句)我们的电(sh)脑经常出故障Q应该修一修了。(一句)
上面是英译汉时进行合q的例子。反q来汉译׃可这样处理,如下面的?sh)传E:
今年3月,我行张副行长讉K贵行期间Q提出我行在贵国讄分行的口头申诗当时贵方表C同意。后因我方原因,未能及时联系…?
DURING HIS VISIT TO YOUR FINE BANK IN MARCH THIS YEAR OUR EVP ZHANG ORALLY APPLIED TO YOU FOR SETTING UP A BRANCH IN YOUR ESTEEMED COUNTRY AND YOU EXPRESSED YOUR CONSENT THERETO. FURTHER CONTACT WAS HOWEVER SUSPENDED FOR SOME REASONS ON OUR PART…?
此译文将前两句合qӞ使对方已同意q这一点得到强调?
2. 拆散
较长的句子Q特别是法律文g中的长句子译成几个汉语句子,便于理解。下面D三个例子Q?
a. The certificates (FRCD-floating rate certificate of deposit), which are fully negotiable, constitute unsecured obligations of the issuing bank and rank pari passu with all other deposits of the bank. Q一句)
动利率存单完全可以通。这׃发行银行承担了未h保而支付的义务。此U存单与银行的其他存?gu)Ƒօ有同LC。(三句Q?
b. The documentary credit offers a unique and universally used method of achieving a commercially acceptable compromise by providing for payment to be made against documents that represent the goods and make possible the transfer of rights to those goods. Q一句)
跟单信用证提供了一U独特的、全世界都采用的Ҏ(gu)Q即凭代表货物的单据付款Q从而货权的{UL为可能。这是一U商业上可以接受的折h式。(两句Q?
c. Salomon then bought back the notes and wound up with 46% of the December issue and 57% of the five-year February issue in violation of Treasury reles. Q一句)
-Business Week Aug. 26, 1991
然而,萨洛蒙公怹回了q些债务Qƈ且捞到手U定46%?2月国库券?7%?q期2月国库券。这U做法违背了国库券条例。(两句Q后一句分开起强调作用)
以上是英译汉时拆散的例子。同P在汉译英时也可以q样处理Q但g不如前者普遍,例如Q?
a. 真对不vQ我没想Qƈ非有意)来打搅你。(一句)I‘m, terribly sorry. I didn‘t mean to interrupt you. Q两句)
如果把译文的两个句子合成一句,显得别扭,前后时态不能一致v来,而且不如分开的语气强?
b. l过北伐、土地革命、抗日战争和解放战争Q推M帝国M、封Z义、官僚资本主义三座大山,中国人民从此站v来了Qƈ且从新民M义走上社会主义道路,取得C会M的巨大成?《党的十五大报告?
Through the Northern Expedition, the Agrarian Revolution, the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, we overthrew the three big mountains of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism. The Chinese people rose to their feet. Proceeding from New Democracy, they took the road to socialism and scored tremendous achievements in socialist construction.
试分析如下:原文是一个简单句Q主语是"中国人民"Q谓语是"站v来了"?C"?取得"。这三个行ؓ动作虽是q列的但有着递进关系?l过"是介词,后面有四个宾语,整个短语作状语说?推翻"Q接着才是中国人民"站v来了Q走上ƈ取得"巨大成就。不隄出,q句话的核心部分?中国人民站v来了"。译文正是按上述理解Q分成了三个独立的句子。重Ҏ(gu)在第二个短句。第一句说明怎样Q何时站hQ而第三句回答站v来过后怎么栗这样就重点H出Q层ơ显得更加清楚,W合p长短句搭配的习惯Q也便于同声传译。同Ӟ用了两个都指中国人民的hUC词we, they避免了重复。如果不q样处理Q四个谓语动词ƈ列,状语位置难以安排,因ؓ不能直接修饰"站v来了"?C"?取得"?/p>